Injuries

A pinched nerve, otherwise called entrapment neuropathy or nerve compression syndrome, is a common term used to describe the injury to a nerve or set of nerves. While it can occur in any part of the spine, it is most common in the neck and lower back. It is a common problem for the upper extremities, …

Torticollis, otherwise known as wry neck, is a condition where the head abnormally and involuntarily bends to one side, with the chin pointing to the opposite side and upwards. In other words, it is often related to also as cervical dystonia in the neck although this is another condition. Wry neck can be caused by a physical or neurological …

The iliotibial band is a thick tendon located in the outer leg, extending from the top of the hip bone to just below the knee. Iliotibial band (ITB) syndrome is a common source of knee pain, resulting from inflammation of the lower portions of the iliotibial band. Occasionally, inflammation can occur at the upper end …

The biceps brachii muscle (or simply the biceps) has two heads located in the upper extremities; these are referred to as the long head tendon and the short head tendon. Both span the length of the forearm, from the shoulders to the elbows. In between the shoulders and the elbows, the two heads join to …

The bursa is an enclosed sac found between two tissue layers, and it provides a cushion as these two layers move about each other. The human body contains more than 140 bursae, all of which develop postnatally. It has been hypothesized that this development is a response to body movement. Bursitis is the inflammation of …

The sacroiliac joints in the hip region of the body are specialized joints that provide support and permits flexibility to the upper extremity. These joints combine the hip bones to the wedge-shaped sacrum that is located just above the tail bone at the base of the trunk. In the pelvis are two sacroiliac joints, two …

The term “piriformis syndrome” is an abnormal condition that can be defined as a group of symptoms that are caused by the piriformis muscle, which is a muscle located in the buttocks behind the hips. The piriformis muscle primarily acts as a hip external rotator, allowing the leg and feet to rotate outwards, but is …

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are two key causes of lower back pain, especially in many young sports professionals. Spondylolysis is caused when there is a crack or stress fracture, in the region of the vertebra called the “pars interarticularis” that forms the joint in the spine. It typically occurs in young athletes who participate in sports …

The foot is made up of different bony segments and multiple joints, and the metatarsal bones are found between the midfoot bones and the bones of the toe. Metatarsalgia is a common orthopaedic problem defined as pain in the metatarsal segment of the foot, and is one of the most common type of foot pain. …

The shoulder joint has the greatest range of motion when compared to any other joint in the body, and this is due in part to the head of the upper arm (humeral) bone being bigger than the socket joint within the shoulder; the socket only covers about a quarter to a third of the humeral bone. …